Female Circumcision Comes to America
by Linda Burstyn - Atlantic Monthly, Oct 1995 - Performed by new immigrants, veiled in deference to a cultural tradition of the developing world, female circumcision is becoming an American problem.

Epidemiology Of Female Sexual Castration In Cairo, Egypt
In 1985, a group of 350 urban Egyptian women were selected to self-report on their recall of their female sexual castration (FSC) which they experienced as children.

Erroneous Belief Systems Underlying Female Genital Mutilation in Sub-Saharan Africa and Male Neonatal Circumcision in the United States: a Brief Report Updated
Hanny Lightfoot-Klein. Presented at The Third International Symposium on Circumcision, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland May 22-25, 1994.

Mutilated Humanity
by Ashley Montagu - The story of bodily mutilations would occupy a large volume in the story of humankind, and few would be more strange and interesting than those relating to male and female circumcision.

Female Genital Mutilation: Strategies For Eradication
by Fran P. Hosken - Female genital mutilation - the descriptive term for the different types of operations are "excision" and "infibulation" - continues to be practiced in large regions of Africa, from the Red Sea Coast to the shores of the Atlantic. In Indonesia and Malaysia, less drastic forms of "female circumcision" are practiced by some of the Moslem populations of this region and sporadic occurrences have been registered among other mainly Moslem groups.

Genital Mutilation & The United Nations: Male And Female Circumcision, Human Rights, & The Restoration Of Spiritual Integrity & Freedom
by Anastasios Zavales - The world community is increasingly educated on crimes against humanity, in particular, about individuals practicing genital mutilation, commonly termed circumcision. Genital mutilation affects more than 2 million girl­child victims and more than 13.5 million boy­child victims annually throughout the world.

Female Genital Mutilation (Female Circumcision)
by ReligiousTolerance.org

Islam and Female Circumcision
by Imad-ad-Dean Ahmad, Ph.D. - Minaret of Freedom Institute

Global Women Intact
Specializing in female circumcision, genital mutilation, and alternative ritual of passage information.

Female Circumcision Issues Page
The World Health Organization had a conference in February 1979 in Khartoum, Sudan, and unanimously condemned the mutilations as disastrous to womens health and as indefensible on medical as well as humane grounds. In the United States, Rep. Pat Schroeder has written a bill to prohibit female genital mutilation (FGM), H.R. 3247.

Kenyan Woman Forcibly Circumcised
African Eye News Service 07 Dec 2001

First lady celebrates African village that ended female circumcision
News Star Online - Apr 2, 1998 - Hillary Rodham Clinton, meeting with villagers who have ended the practice of female circumcision in their community, praised the village for having started "a great movement."

How is Female Circumcision Trivialized?
"In the same manner as male circumcision, of course!" - Read an extensive list of medical and lay comments about female circumcision.

Male and Female Circumcision - Related Pages
Anatomy and Function - Commentary - Ethics, Law, Human Rights - Religion - Science and Sociology - Statistics

Articles about Female Circumcision
Historical articles in U.S. medicine.

Female Circumcision: Indications and a New Technique
This 1959 medical journal article reveals how American medicine condoned female circumcision with arguments similar to those still used today to justify male circumcision. Offers this article for historical reference only, as well as to emphasize these similarities and expose medical arrogance.

Knuckleheaded Islamic Thought: Female Circumcision
An angry commentary.

Common Denominators Between Male and Female Circumcision
Lists similarities between male and female circumcision.

Welcome to Womanhood
A video about female circumcision and the effort to stop the practice. - 14 minutes, Grades 10-Adult, Directed by Charlotte Metcalf, Produced by TVE and BBC, 1998, VHS ISBN: 1-56029-755-7

A Centuries-Old Practice, A Deadly Tradition
FGM and Religion: A False Connection -- FGM, or female circumcision as it is also - but incorrectly - known, is practiced by Muslims, Christians, animists, and nonbelievers in a range of communities, often under the mistaken belief that it is a religious dictate. - U.S. Fund for UNICEF 1998

Female Genital Mutilation - A Human Rights Information Pack (1998)
from Amnesty International

Senegal bans female circumcision
BBC News Online - Dec 23, 1998 - Senegal has banned female circumcision on cultural or religious grounds. Anybody found practising circumcision on girls now faces up to five years in prison.

NPR : Nigerian Woman Challenges Mutilation Ritual
NPR's Libby Lewis reports on a Nigerian woman who is trying to have the practice of female genital mutilation accepted as a violation of the anti-torture convention, which the United States has signed. The woman lives in Dallas, but is here illegally and fighting deportation. The woman's claim is that she and her 3-year-old daughter, who is a U.S. citizen, would likely be subjected to the mutilation ritual which is practiced in some African cultures. If her argument is accepted, it could open the United States to many African women who otherwise could not move here. [4.5 minute Realaudio segment]

NPR : Asylum & Genital Mutilation
A Nigerian woman is fighting deportation, saying she needs to stay because of her 10-year-old daughter, who is an American citizen. The mother has overstayed her visa by more than a decade. She says she can't leave her daughter in the US, but she says in Nigeria, the girl would be subject to a painful procedure known as female genital mutilation. NPR's Barbara Bradley reports. [4:47 minute Realaudio segment]

The Rite of Female Circumcision
Ethnic NewsWatch - "No one should live in fear of having parts of her genitals sliced off against her will."

Irin News: Boost for Anti-FGM Effort
United Nations humanitarian report from Kenya explains how a series of seminars resulted in the resignation two hundred practitioners of female genital mutilation. Includes outline of the cultural aspects.

NPR : Atlanta Female Circumcision Case Stirs Concern
The arrest of an Ethiopian citizen in Atlanta, Ga., raises concerns that female circumcision -- a form of genital mutilation common in some African nations -- is being performed on young women in the United States. NPR's Ari Shapiro reports. 5.5 minutes radio segment via Realplayer.